THE INFLUENCE OF JOB RESOURCES ON JOB PERFORMANCE WITH WORK ENGAGEMENT AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE: A STUDY OF VOCATIONAL BUSINESS EDUCATORS IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES IN SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA
Abstract
Launching and managing a vocational business venture is one of the greatest legacy an individual can bequeath for him/herself at this present time in Nigeria. Yet, there is chronic shortage of enterprising individuals and the situation is further compounded by insufficient vocational business educators and instructors who would help to prepare individuals to launch and manage a vocational business ventures and continuously improve their knowledge and skills. A number of vocational business educators perform poorly on the job and has negatively influence the workforce needs of the entrepreneurial sector and vocational business education programme. Addressing the issue of poor performance of vocational business educators on the job is particularly important not only to respond to the chronic shortage of vocational business educators but also the deficit of enterprising individuals. It is important to ensure that vocational business educators receive sufficient or abundance resources and engaged at work because of the positive impact these job situations contribute to job performance. Considering the importance of vocational business educators to the entrepreneurial sector, there is need to examine the influence of job resources on vocational business educators job performance with work engagement as a mediating variable. The purpose of this study therefore is to examine the relationships between job resources, work engagement, and job performance of vocational business educators in the universities in South-South, Nigeria. The findings indicated positive correlation between job resources, work engagement and job performance. The findings also indicated that work engagement fully mediated the relationship between job resources and job performance. This research builds on the work of previous scholars by further supporting the relationships between job resources, work engagement and job performance specifically in the context of vocational business educator. University administrators and managers play a role in ensuring that strategies are in place to motivate and engage vocational business educators as practical ways to reduce poor performance. In particular, university administrators and managers should recognize vocational business educators’ contributions, provide career development opportunities, and promote challenging responsibilities and autonomy within the classroom and university. It is critical to have adequate and qualified vocational business educators to prepare individuals to engage in entrepreneurial careers and lifelong learning.
References
Adekiya, A. (2013). Perceived job insecurity and task performance: what aspect of performance is related to which facet of job insecurity. Current Psychology, Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04408-4
Anjum A., Ming X., Siddiqi, A. F., & Rasool, S. F. (2018). An empirical study analyzing job productivity in toxic workplace environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 1035. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15051035.
Annisa, N. N., & Ginarti, C. (2023). Employee performance: Self-efficacy and locus of control. International Journal of Social Sciences, Economics and Arts, 12 (4), 200-206.
Bakker, A. B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20 (4), 265-269.
Bakker, A. (2014). The job demands-resources questionnaire. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Erasmus University, 1-14.
Bakker, A. B., & Bal, M. P. (2010). Weekly work engagement and performance: A study among starting teachers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83 (1), 189–206.
Bakker, A.B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands-resources theory. In P. Y. Chen and Cooper, C.L. (Eds.), Work and wellbeing: Wellbeing: A complete reference guide (pp. 37-64). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22 (2), 273-285.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD-R Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behaviour, 1 (1), 389–411.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2023). Job demands–resources theory: Ten years later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behaviour, 10, 25-53. Retrieved from https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & ten Brummelhuis, L. L. (2012). Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 80, 555-564.
Bakker, A. B., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2015). Modelling job crafting behaviours: Implications for work engagement. Human Relations, 34 (2), 1-21.
Baldoni, J. (2013). Employee engagement does more than boost productivity. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2013/07/employee-engagement-does-more
Bang, H., & Reio, T. G., Jr. (2017). Examining the role of cynicism in the relationships between burnout and employee behaviour. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 33, 217–227.
Bhat, M. A., & Tariq, S. (2022). Impact of job burnout on performance: A study among hospital employees of J&K, India. BIMTECH Business Perspectives, 1–17.
Bie´nkowska, A., & Tworek, K. (2020). Job performance model based on employees’ dynamic capabilities (EDC). Sustainability, 12, 1-25.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley.
Brown, J. (2002). Training needs assessment: A must for developing an effective training program. Public Personnel Management, 31, 569-578. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102600203100412
Chiaburu, D. S., Peng, A. C., Oh, I.-S., Banks, G. C., & Lomeli, L. C. (2013). Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 83(2), 181–197. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.03.007
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel Psychology, 64 (1), 89–136.
Chukwuedo, S. O., & Igbinedion, V. I. (2014). ICT competences and capacity building needs of technical and vocational education lecturers in Nigerian universities. African Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 7, 45-53.
Chukwuemeke, H. E., & Igbinedion, V. I. (2021). Relationship between knowledge dissemination, learning self-efficacy and task performance of business educators. NAU Journal of Technology & Vocational Education, 6 (1), 13-21.
Chung, N. G., & Angeline, T. (2010). Does work engagement mediate the relationship between job resources and job performance of employees? African Journal of Business Management, 4 (9), 1837-1843.
Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95 (1), 834–848.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Cross, O. D. (2019). Effects of job stress on employee’s performance. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Research, 06 (02), 375-382. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18801/ijbmsr.060219.40
Del Líbano, M., Llorens, S., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. (2012). About the dark and bright sides of self-efficacy: Workaholism and work engagement. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15 (2), 688-701.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands – resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (2), 499–512.
Demerouti, E., & Cropanzano, R. (2010). From thought to action: Employee work engagement and job performance. In A. B. Bakker and M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 147–163). New York: Psychology Press.
Dixit, A., & Upadhyay, Y. (2021). Role of JD-R model in up ticking innovative work behaviour among higher education faculty. RAUSP Management Journal, 56 (2), 156-169.
Edokpolor, J. E. (2019). Talent management strategies: A modern approach for developing entrepreneurial career and lifelong learning tasks among business education undergraduates. International Journal of Arts and Technology Education, 11 (1), 18-30. Retrieved from https://artseducation.unn.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/sites/154/2018/03/INJA-Journal.pdf
Edopkolor, J. E., Chukwuemeke, H. E., & Osifo, K. E. (2022). Knowledge management and job performance of business studies teachers: The mediating effect of work engagement. Management Review: An International Journal, 17 (1), 27-64. Retrieved from https://connect.informs.org/koreachapter/management-journal/journal-information
Edokpolor, J. E., & Imafidon, A. (2017). Effectiveness of public-private partnership in the management of technical and vocational education and training. Education Policy, Management and Quality, 9 (1), 20-32. Retrieved from http://d.researchbib.com/f/0no2SdnF5hMKDiLKW0nJAfMKZiZwNkAl81ZGZgZGHjAGV4AmxmAF5jMTL.pdf
Edokpolor, J. E., & Imafidon, A. (2019). Public-private-civil society partnership: A gateway to ensuring good governance practices of vocational education in South-South Nigerian Federal Universities. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 11 (3), 121–135. Retrieved from https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTET/article/view/3287
Edopkolor, J. E., & Imeokparia, P. (2022). Job resources-engagement relationship among business educators in universities in south-south, Nigeria. Benin Journal of Educational Studies, 28 (1), 101-112. Retrieved from https://beninjes.com/index.php/bjes/article/view/102/100
Edopkolor, J. E., Imeokparia, P. O., & Asemota, G. O. (2023). Job resources and job self-efficacy of vocational business educators: Evidence from public universities in Nigeria. International Business Education Journal, 16 (1), 50–70. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.37134/ibej.Vol16.1.5.2023
Edopkolor, J. E., Imeokparia, P., & Ediagbonya, K. (2022). Exploring the relationship between job demand and work burnout among business teacher educators in public universities. Multidisciplinary Journal of Science, Technology and Vocational Education, 10 (1), 34 – 45. Retrieved from http://www.mjosteve.com/index.php
Edopkolor, J. E., Imeokparia, P. O., & Egbri, J. N. (2023). Revisiting the relationships between working environment and vocational business educators’ behavioural outcomes: Evidence from public universities in South-South Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. AAU Journal of Business Educators, 3 (1). 1-15. Retrieved from https://aaujbe.com.ng/index/index.php/aaujbe/article/view/16
Edopkolor, J. E., Legg-Jack, & Imeokparia, P. (2022). Exploring the relationship between work burnout and job performance of vocational education lecturers in universities in Nigeria. InSight: Jurnal Ilimial Psiklogi, 24 (2), 1-13. Retrieved from https://ejurnal.mercubuana-yogya.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/index
Edokpolor, J. E., & Muritala, T. A. (2018). Developing entrepreneurial skills and lifelong learning for career self-efficacy among business education students in Federal Universities in south-south, Nigeria. International Journal of Educational Benchmark, 9 (2), 61-77. Retrieved from http://benchmarkjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Developing-Entrepreneurial-Skills-and-Lifelong-Learning-for-Career-Self-Efficacy-among-Business-Education-Students-in-Federal-Universities-in-South-South-Nigeria.pdf
Edokpolor, J. E. & Oduma, C. (2018). Repositioning business education programme for post-oil boom economy. International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 10 (2), 14-23. Retrieved from https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJVTE/article-full-text-pdf/0AF70FF56069
Edokpolor, J. E., & Omiunu, S. E. (2017). Role of career development services in developing students lifelong learning self-efficacy: Vocational and adult education lecturers’ perceptions. Baltic Journal of Career Education and Management, 5 (1), 30-45.
Edopkolor, J. E., Otache, I., & Osifo, K. E. (2022). Work Self-Efficacy and Engagement of Vocational Business Education Lecturers. Journal of Technical Education and Training (JTET), 14 (3), 112-124. Retrieved from https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/JTET/article/view/11646/5497
Edopkolor, J. E., & Oviawe, J. I. (2022a). The relationship between job demand and job performance among vocational teacher educators in higher education institutions in Nigeria. Port Harcourt Journal of Educational Studies, 7 (2), 371-380. Retrieved from https://phajournal-uniport.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/8.-THE-RELATIONSHIP-BETWEEN-JOB-DEMAND-AND-JOB-PERFORMANCE-AMONG-VOCATIONAL.pdf
Edopkolor, J. E., & Oviawe, J. I. (2022b). Job resources and prosocial organizational performance of technical and vocational education and training lecturers in universities in Nigeria. Rivers State University Journal of Education, 25 (2), 129-142. Retrieved from https://rsujoe.com.ng/index.php/joe/article/view/135/107
Edokpolor, J. E., & Owenvbiugie, R. O. (2017). Business education in Nigeria: Issues, challenges and way forward for national development. Journal of Collaborative Research and Development, 5 (1), 150-161.
Edokpolor, J. E., & Owenvbiugie, R. O. (2022). Relationship between work engagement and job performance of vocational teacher educators in higher education institutions in Nigeria. In M. N. Amutabi & L. Hamasi (Eds.). Annals of African development (pp. 252-269). Centre for Democracy, Research and Development (CEDRED) publications, Nairobi, Kenya (Book 5).
Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2 (1), 335-362.
Fernandez de Henestrosa, M., Sischka, P.E., & Steffgen, G. (2023). Examining the challenge hindrance-threat distinction of job demands alongside job resources. Frontiers of Psychology, 14. Retrieved from doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1011815
Gil-Beltrán, E., Llorens, S., & Salanova, M. (2020). Employees’ physical exercise, resources, engagement, and performance: A cross-sectional study from HERO model. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 36 (1), 39-47.
Goodman, S. A., & Svyantek, D. J. (1999). Person-organization fit and contextual performance: Do share values matter. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 55 (1), 254–275.
Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behaviour in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 327-347.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Jokisaari, M. (2011). A 35-year follow-up study on burnout among Finnish employees. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16 (1), 345–360.
Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources and consequences. In A. B. Bakker and M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 102-117). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach, 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hidayat, R., & Panjaitan, S. (2022). Effect of self-efficacy, talent management and continuous improvement on employee performance. The Management journal of Binaniaga, 7 (2), 229-238.
Igbinedion, V. I., Edokpolor, J. E., & Oyenuga, A. O. (2015). Trends toward a closer integration of vocational education and career guidance in Nigeria. The Vocational and Applied Science Journal, 12, 48-63.
Ile, C. M., & Edokpolor, J. E. (2022). Work self-efficacy and job performance of business educators in public universities. InSight: Jurnal Ilimial Psiklogi, 24 (1), 1-13. Retrieved from https://ejurnal.mercubuana-yogya.ac.id/index.php/psikologi/index
Inayat, W., & Khan, M. J. (2023). A study of job satisfaction and its effect on the performance of employees working in private sector organizations, Peshawar. Education Research International, 9, 1-9. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1751495
Jaradat, S. (2020). Job dissatisfaction and its impact on work results innovative food. Science & Emerging Technologies, 6 (6).
Jayaweera, T. (2015). Impact of work environmental factors on job performance, mediating role of work motivation: A study of hotel sector in England. International Journal of Business and Management, 10, 271-278.
Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n3p271
Johnson, B. (2001). Toward a new classification of nonexperimental research. Educational Researcher, 30, 3–13. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0013189X030002003
Jumaharta, N. T., & Irbayuni, S. (2023). The effect of self-efficacy and locus of control on job performance Conec World Surabaya Startup Employee. Indonesian Journal of Business Analytics, 3 (3), 637-646.
Kanapathipillai, K., Shaari, A. B., & Mahbob, N. N. (2021). The influence of self-efficacy on the job performance of employees in the online retail sector in Malaysia – The mediating effect of innovative behaviour. The European Journal of Human Resource Management Studies, 5(3), 85-111.
Karatepe, O. M. (2013). High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work engagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32 (1), 132-140.
Karatepe, O. M., Beirami, E., Bouzari, M., & Safavi, H. P. (2014). Does work engagement mediate the effects of challenge stressors on job outcomes? Evidence from the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 14-22. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.08.003
Khan, W.A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement of Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724.
Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kim, W. (2017). Examining mediation effects of work engagement among job resources, job performance, and turnover intention. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 29(4), 407-425.
Kim, W., Kolb, J. A., & Kim, T. (2013). The relationship between work engagement and performance: A review of empirical literature and a proposed research agenda. Human Resource Development Review 12(3):248-276. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484312461635
Kumari, N. (2011). Job satisfaction of the employees at the workplace. European Journal of Business and Management, 3 (4), 11-30. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234624044.pdf
Kumari, G., & Pandey, K. M. (2011). Job satisfaction in public sector and private sector: A comparison. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 2, 222-228.
Lankeshwara, P. (2016). A study on the impact of workplace environment on employee’s performance: with reference to the Brandix Intimate Apparel–Awissawella. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3 (1) 46-57.
Leiter, M. P., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Work engagement: Introduction. In Bakker, A. B. and Leiter, M. P. (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 1-9). Hove, Psychology Press.
Lizano, E. L. (2015). Examining the impact of job burnout on the health and well-being of human service workers: A systematic review and synthesis. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 39, 167–181. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/23303131.2015.1014122?needAccess=true
Mäkikangas, A., Bakker, A.B., Aunola, K., & Demerouti, E. (2010). Job resources and flow at work: Modeling the relationship via latent growth curve and mixture model methodology. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83 (2), 795-814.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M.P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 103-111. Retrieved from https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/wps.20311.
Matilu, C. M., & K’Obonyo, P. (2018). The relationship between job characteristics and employee performance: A review. International Journal of Business & Law Research, 6 (3), 44-59.
Naidoo-Chetty M., & du Plessis, M (2021). Job demands and job resources of academics in higher education. Frontiers of Psychology, 12. Retrieved from https://doi.org/doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631171
Ng, G., & Chung, T. (2010). Does work engagement mediate the relationship between job resources and job performance of employees? African Journal of Business Management, 4(9), 1837-1843.
Ng, G. C., & Tay, A. (2010). Does work engagement mediate the relationship between job resources and job performance of employees? African Journal of Business Management, 4 (9), 1837-1843.
Nwanzu, C. L., & Adams, B. (2019). Examining moderating role of age, gender, and marital status in the relationships between perceived organizational support and employee performance. Nigeria Journal of Management Sciences, 8 (1), 198-210.
Quantum Workplace (nd). What is employee engagement? What, why, and how to improve it. Retrieved from https://www.quantumworkplace.com/future-of-work/what-is-employee-engagement-definition
Rahmizal, M., & Dewi, R. S. (2022). The effect of self-efficacy and job satisfaction on employee performance in employees education and culture office south coast district. Bina Bangsa International Journal of Business and Management, 2 (1), 68-78.
Rana, S., Pant, D., & Chopra, P. (2019). Work engagement and individual work performance: research findings and an agenda for employee relationships. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research 6 (5), 17-32.
Reina-Tamayo, A. M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2017). Episodic demands, resources, and engagement. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 16 (3), 125-136.
Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53 (3), 617–635.
Saks, A.M. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement revisited. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 6 (1), 19-38. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2018-0034
Sastre-Morcillo, P., Blanco-Encomienda, F. J., & Latorre-Medina, M. J. (2018). Analysis of the factors influencing job burnout: Empirical evidence from Spain. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 26 (4), 2211-2227.
Sante, D. R. L., Eaton, A. A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2021). How contextual performance influences perceptions of personality and leadership potential. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 37 (2), 93-106.
Saragih, S. (2011). The effects of job autonomy on work outcomes: Self-efficacy as an intervening variable. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 4 (3), 203-215.
Saricam, H., & Sakiz, H. (2014). Burnout and teacher self-efficacy among teachers working in special education institutions in Turkey. Educational Studies, 40 (4), 423-437.
Scanlan, J. N., & Still, M. (2019). Relationships between burnout, turnover intention, job satisfaction, job demands and job resources for mental health personnel in an Australian mental health service. BMC Health Services Research, 19, 1-11. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3841-z
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 25, 293–315.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: bringing clarity to the concept. In A. B. Bakker and M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 10-24). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Schaufeli, W. B., Maassen, G. H., Bakker, A. B., & Sixma, H. J. (2011). Stability and change in burnout: A 10-year follow-up study among primary care physicians. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84 (2), 248–267.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the job demands-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. In G. F. Bauer and O. Hammig (Eds.), Bridging occupational, organizational and public health: A transdisciplinary approach (pp. 43-68). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
Schilbach, M., Baethge, A., & Rigotti, T. (2021). Do challenge and hindrance job demands prepare employees to demonstrate resilience? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(3), 155–174. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000282
Shantz, A., Alfes, K., Truss, C., & Soane, E. (2013). The role of employee engagement in the relationship between job design and task performance, citizenship and deviant behaviours. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(13), 2608-2627. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.744334
Sheppard, G. (2016). Work-Life Balance Programs to Improve Employee Performance. Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection Retrieved from https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3161&context=dissertations&httpsredir=1&referer=
Slåtten, T., & Mehmetoglu, M. (2011) Antecedents and effects of engaged frontline employees: A study from the hospitality industry. Managing Service Quality 21 (1), 88–107.
Sulea, C., Virga, D., Maricutoiu, L. P., Schaufeli, W., Zaborila Dumitru, C., & Sava, F. A. (2012). Work engagement as mediator between job characteristics and positive and negative extra-role behaviours. Career Development International, 17 (3), 188–207.
Tadić, M., Bakker, A. B., & Oerlemans, W. G. M. (2015). Challenge versus hindrance job demands and well‐being: A diary study on the moderating role of job resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(4), 702–725. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12094
Tadić, M., Oerlemans, W. G. M., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Challenge versus hindrance job demands and well-being: A diary study on the moderating role of job resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88 (4), 1-24.
Utami, C., & Mujanah, S. (2023). The effect of self-efficacy, self-leadership, and work ethic on employee performance in manufacturing companies. A paper delivered in International Conference on Advance & Scientific Innovation, KnE Life Sciences, pages 947–957. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i9.13408
Uzoagulu, A. E. (2011). Practical guide to writing research project report in tertiary institutions. Enugu: Cheston Ltd.
Van den Broeck, A., Van Ruysseveldt, J., Vanbelle, E., & De Witte, H. (2013). The job demands–resources model: Overview and suggestions for future research. In A. B. Bakker, A.B. (Ed.). Advances in positive organizational psychology (Advances in Positive Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Leeds, pp. 83-105. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/S2046-410X(2013)0000001007
Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). Toward a mediation model of employability enhancement: A study of employee-supervisor pairs in the building sector. Career Development Quarterly, 59 (3), 232-248.
Vincent-Höper, S., Muser, C., & Janneck, M. (2012), Transformational leadership, work engagement, and occupational success. Career Development International, 17 (7), 663-682.
Wijayana, T.T., Rahayu, M.K.P., & Wahyuningsih, S.H. (2022). The influence of self-efficacy on performance with innovation work behaviour as an intervening variable (Case study on PT. Indah Kiat employee). Economics and Business Quarterly Reviews, 5(3), 166-177.
Wood, J., Oh, J., Park, J., & Kim, W. (2020). The relationship between work engagement and work–life balance in organizations: A review of the empirical research. Human Resource Development Review, 1–23. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/327045828.pdfa
Wood, S., Veldhoven, M. V., Croon, M., & deMenezes, L. M. (2012). Enriched job design, high involvement management and organizational performance: The mediating roles of job satisfaction and well-being. Human Relations, 65 (4), 1–27.
Yao J, Qiu X, Yang L, Han X., & Li Y (2022). The relationship between work engagement and job performance: Psychological capital as a moderating factor. Frontiers of Psychology, 13. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.72913.
Yean, T. F., Johari, J., Yahya, K. K., & Chin, T. L. (2022). Determinants of job dissatisfaction and its impact on the counterproductive work behaviour of university staff. Sage Open, 1–11. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221123289 journals.sagepub.com/home/sgo
Zafar-Uz-Zaman, A., Lou, F., Muhammad, F. J., & Arslan, R. (2014). Job characteristics model and job satisfaction. International Journal of Education and Research, 2 (11), 241-262.
